This module implements a simple high performance JSON parser. JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data-interchange format that is easy for humans to read and write (unlike XML). It is easy for machines to parse and generate. JSON is based on a subset of the JavaScript Programming Language, Standard ECMA-262 3rd Edition - December 1999.
See also
Overview
Parsing JSON
JSON often arrives into your program (via an API or a file) as a string. The first step is to change it from its serialized form into a nested object structure called a JsonNode.
The parseJson procedure takes a string containing JSON and returns a JsonNode object. This is an object variant and it is either a JObject, JArray, JString, JInt, JFloat, JBool or JNull. You check the kind of this object variant by using the kind accessor.
For a JsonNode who's kind is JObject, you can access its fields using the [] operator. The following example shows how to do this:
import std/json let jsonNode = parseJson("""{"key": 3.14}""") doAssert jsonNode.kind == JObject doAssert jsonNode["key"].kind == JFloat
Reading values
Once you have a JsonNode, retrieving the values can then be achieved by using one of the helper procedures, which include:
- getInt
- getFloat
- getStr
- getBool
To retrieve the value of "key" you can do the following:
import std/json let jsonNode = parseJson("""{"key": 3.14}""") doAssert jsonNode["key"].getFloat() == 3.14
Important: The [] operator will raise an exception when the specified field does not exist.
Handling optional keys
By using the {} operator instead of [], it will return nil when the field is not found. The get-family of procedures will return a type's default value when called on nil.
import std/json let jsonNode = parseJson("{}") doAssert jsonNode{"nope"}.getInt() == 0 doAssert jsonNode{"nope"}.getFloat() == 0 doAssert jsonNode{"nope"}.getStr() == "" doAssert jsonNode{"nope"}.getBool() == false
Using default values
The get-family helpers also accept an additional parameter which allow you to fallback to a default value should the key's values be null:
import std/json let jsonNode = parseJson("""{"key": 3.14, "key2": null}""") doAssert jsonNode["key"].getFloat(6.28) == 3.14 doAssert jsonNode["key2"].getFloat(3.14) == 3.14 doAssert jsonNode{"nope"}.getFloat(3.14) == 3.14 # note the {}
Unmarshalling
In addition to reading dynamic data, Nim can also unmarshal JSON directly into a type with the to macro.
Note: Use Option for keys sometimes missing in json responses, and backticks around keys with a reserved keyword as name.
import std/json import std/options type User = object name: string age: int `type`: Option[string] let userJson = parseJson("""{ "name": "Nim", "age": 12 }""") let user = to(userJson, User) if user.`type`.isSome(): assert user.`type`.get() != "robot"
Creating JSON
This module can also be used to comfortably create JSON using the %* operator:
import std/json var hisName = "John" let herAge = 31 var j = %* [ { "name": hisName, "age": 30 }, { "name": "Susan", "age": herAge } ] var j2 = %* {"name": "Isaac", "books": ["Robot Dreams"]} j2["details"] = %* {"age":35, "pi":3.1415} echo j2
See also: std/jsonutils for hookable json serialization/deserialization of arbitrary types.
Example:
import std/json ## Note: for JObject, key ordering is preserved, unlike in some languages, ## this is convenient for some use cases. Example: type Foo = object a1, a2, a0, a3, a4: int doAssert $(%* Foo()) == """{"a1":0,"a2":0,"a0":0,"a3":0,"a4":0}"""
Types
JsonNode = ref JsonNodeObj
- JSON node Source Edit
JsonNodeKind = enum JNull, JBool, JInt, JFloat, JString, JObject, JArray
- possible JSON node types Source Edit
JsonNodeObj {.acyclic.} = object isUnquoted: bool case kind*: JsonNodeKind of JString: str*: string of JInt: num*: BiggestInt of JFloat: fnum*: float of JBool: bval*: bool of JNull: nil of JObject: fields*: OrderedTable[string, JsonNode] of JArray: elems*: seq[JsonNode]
- Source Edit
Procs
proc `$`(node: JsonNode): string {....raises: [], tags: [].}
- Converts node to its JSON Representation on one line. Source Edit
proc `%`(b: bool): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [].}
- Generic constructor for JSON data. Creates a new JBool JsonNode. Source Edit
proc `%`(keyVals: openArray[tuple[key: string, val: JsonNode]]): JsonNode {. ...raises: [], tags: [].}
- Generic constructor for JSON data. Creates a new JObject JsonNode Source Edit
proc `%`(n: BiggestInt): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [].}
- Generic constructor for JSON data. Creates a new JInt JsonNode. Source Edit
proc `%`(n: BiggestUInt): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [].}
- Generic constructor for JSON data. Creates a new JInt JsonNode. Source Edit
proc `%`(n: float): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [].}
-
Generic constructor for JSON data. Creates a new JFloat JsonNode.
Example:
assert $(%[NaN, Inf, -Inf, 0.0, -0.0, 1.0, 1e-2]) == """["nan","inf","-inf",0.0,-0.0,1.0,0.01]""" assert (%NaN).kind == JString assert (%0.0).kind == JFloat
Source Edit proc `%`(n: int): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [].}
- Generic constructor for JSON data. Creates a new JInt JsonNode. Source Edit
proc `%`(n: uint): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [].}
- Generic constructor for JSON data. Creates a new JInt JsonNode. Source Edit
proc `%`(o: enum): JsonNode
- Construct a JsonNode that represents the specified enum value as a string. Creates a new JString JsonNode. Source Edit
proc `%`(o: ref object): JsonNode
- Generic constructor for JSON data. Creates a new JObject JsonNode Source Edit
proc `%`(s: string): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [].}
- Generic constructor for JSON data. Creates a new JString JsonNode. Source Edit
proc `%`[T](elements: openArray[T]): JsonNode
- Generic constructor for JSON data. Creates a new JArray JsonNode Source Edit
proc `%`[T](opt: Option[T]): JsonNode
- Generic constructor for JSON data. Creates a new JNull JsonNode if opt is empty, otherwise it delegates to the underlying value. Source Edit
proc `%`[T](table: Table[string, T] | OrderedTable[string, T]): JsonNode
- Generic constructor for JSON data. Creates a new JObject JsonNode. Source Edit
proc `==`(a, b: JsonNode): bool {....raises: [KeyError], tags: [].}
- Check two nodes for equality Source Edit
proc `[]=`(obj: JsonNode; key: string; val: JsonNode) {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [].}
- Sets a field from a JObject. Source Edit
proc `[]`(node: JsonNode; index: BackwardsIndex): JsonNode {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [].}
-
Gets the node at array.len-i in an array through the ^ operator.
i.e. j[^i] is a shortcut for j[j.len-i].
Example:
let j = parseJson("[1,2,3,4,5]") doAssert j[^1].getInt == 5 doAssert j[^2].getInt == 4
Source Edit proc `[]`(node: JsonNode; index: int): JsonNode {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [].}
- Gets the node at index in an Array. Result is undefined if index is out of bounds, but as long as array bound checks are enabled it will result in an exception. Source Edit
proc `[]`(node: JsonNode; name: string): JsonNode {.inline, ...raises: [KeyError], tags: [].}
- Gets a field from a JObject, which must not be nil. If the value at name does not exist, raises KeyError. Source Edit
proc `[]`[U, V](a: JsonNode; x: HSlice[U, V]): JsonNode
-
Slice operation for JArray.
Returns the inclusive range [a[x.a], a[x.b]]:
Example:
import json let arr = %[0,1,2,3,4,5] doAssert arr[2..4] == %[2,3,4] doAssert arr[2..^2] == %[2,3,4] doAssert arr[^4..^2] == %[2,3,4]
Source Edit proc `{}=`(node: JsonNode; keys: varargs[string]; value: JsonNode) {. ...raises: [KeyError], tags: [].}
- Traverses the node and tries to set the value at the given location to value. If any of the keys are missing, they are added. Source Edit
proc `{}`(node: JsonNode; index: varargs[int]): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [].}
- Traverses the node and gets the given value. If any of the indexes do not exist, returns nil. Also returns nil if one of the intermediate data structures is not an array. Source Edit
proc `{}`(node: JsonNode; key: string): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [].}
- Gets a field from a node. If node is nil or not an object or value at key does not exist, returns nil Source Edit
proc `{}`(node: JsonNode; keys: varargs[string]): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [].}
-
Traverses the node and gets the given value. If any of the keys do not exist, returns nil. Also returns nil if one of the intermediate data structures is not an object.
This proc can be used to create tree structures on the fly (sometimes called autovivification):
Example:
var myjson = %* {"parent": {"child": {"grandchild": 1}}} doAssert myjson{"parent", "child", "grandchild"} == newJInt(1)
Source Edit proc add(father, child: JsonNode) {....raises: [], tags: [].}
- Adds child to a JArray node father. Source Edit
proc add(obj: JsonNode; key: string; val: JsonNode) {....raises: [], tags: [].}
- Sets a field from a JObject. Source Edit
proc contains(node: JsonNode; key: string): bool {....raises: [], tags: [].}
- Checks if key exists in node. Source Edit
proc contains(node: JsonNode; val: JsonNode): bool {....raises: [KeyError], tags: [].}
- Checks if val exists in array node. Source Edit
proc delete(obj: JsonNode; key: string) {....raises: [KeyError], tags: [].}
- Deletes obj[key]. Source Edit
proc escapeJson(s: string): string {....raises: [], tags: [].}
- Converts a string s to its JSON representation with quotes. Source Edit
proc escapeJson(s: string; result: var string) {....raises: [], tags: [].}
- Converts a string s to its JSON representation with quotes. Appends to result. Source Edit
proc escapeJsonUnquoted(s: string): string {....raises: [], tags: [].}
- Converts a string s to its JSON representation without quotes. Source Edit
proc escapeJsonUnquoted(s: string; result: var string) {....raises: [], tags: [].}
- Converts a string s to its JSON representation without quotes. Appends to result. Source Edit
proc getBiggestInt(n: JsonNode; default: BiggestInt = 0): BiggestInt {. ...raises: [], tags: [].}
-
Retrieves the BiggestInt value of a JInt JsonNode.
Returns default if n is not a JInt, or if n is nil.
Source Edit proc getBool(n: JsonNode; default: bool = false): bool {....raises: [], tags: [].}
-
Retrieves the bool value of a JBool JsonNode.
Returns default if n is not a JBool, or if n is nil.
Source Edit proc getElems(n: JsonNode; default: seq[JsonNode] = @[]): seq[JsonNode] {. ...raises: [], tags: [].}
-
Retrieves the array of a JArray JsonNode.
Returns default if n is not a JArray, or if n is nil.
Source Edit proc getFields(n: JsonNode; default = initOrderedTable(2)): OrderedTable[string, JsonNode] {....raises: [], tags: [].}
-
Retrieves the key, value pairs of a JObject JsonNode.
Returns default if n is not a JObject, or if n is nil.
Source Edit proc getFloat(n: JsonNode; default: float = 0.0): float {....raises: [], tags: [].}
-
Retrieves the float value of a JFloat JsonNode.
Returns default if n is not a JFloat or JInt, or if n is nil.
Source Edit proc getInt(n: JsonNode; default: int = 0): int {....raises: [], tags: [].}
-
Retrieves the int value of a JInt JsonNode.
Returns default if n is not a JInt, or if n is nil.
Source Edit proc getOrDefault(node: JsonNode; key: string): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [].}
- Gets a field from a node. If node is nil or not an object or value at key does not exist, returns nil Source Edit
proc getStr(n: JsonNode; default: string = ""): string {....raises: [], tags: [].}
-
Retrieves the string value of a JString JsonNode.
Returns default if n is not a JString, or if n is nil.
Source Edit proc hash(n: JsonNode): Hash {....raises: [Exception], tags: [RootEffect].}
- Compute the hash for a JSON node Source Edit
proc hash(n: OrderedTable[string, JsonNode]): Hash {.noSideEffect, ...raises: [Exception], tags: [RootEffect].}
- Source Edit
proc hasKey(node: JsonNode; key: string): bool {....raises: [], tags: [].}
- Checks if key exists in node. Source Edit
proc len(n: JsonNode): int {....raises: [], tags: [].}
- If n is a JArray, it returns the number of elements. If n is a JObject, it returns the number of pairs. Else it returns 0. Source Edit
proc newJBool(b: bool): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [].}
- Creates a new JBool JsonNode. Source Edit
proc newJFloat(n: float): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [].}
- Creates a new JFloat JsonNode. Source Edit
proc newJInt(n: BiggestInt): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [].}
- Creates a new JInt JsonNode. Source Edit
proc newJObject(): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [].}
- Creates a new JObject JsonNode Source Edit
proc newJString(s: string): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [].}
- Creates a new JString JsonNode. Source Edit
proc parseFile(filename: string): JsonNode {. ...raises: [IOError, OSError, JsonParsingError, ValueError, Exception], tags: [ReadIOEffect, WriteIOEffect].}
- Parses file into a JsonNode. If file contains extra data, it will raise JsonParsingError. Source Edit
proc parseJson(buffer: string; rawIntegers = false; rawFloats = false): JsonNode {. ...raises: [IOError, OSError, JsonParsingError, ValueError, Exception], tags: [ReadIOEffect, WriteIOEffect].}
- Parses JSON from buffer. If buffer contains extra data, it will raise JsonParsingError. If rawIntegers is true, integer literals will not be converted to a JInt field but kept as raw numbers via JString. If rawFloats is true, floating point literals will not be converted to a JFloat field but kept as raw numbers via JString. Source Edit
proc parseJson(s: Stream; filename: string = ""; rawIntegers = false; rawFloats = false): JsonNode {....raises: [IOError, OSError, IOError, OSError, JsonParsingError, ValueError, Exception], tags: [ReadIOEffect, WriteIOEffect].}
- Parses from a stream s into a JsonNode. filename is only needed for nice error messages. If s contains extra data, it will raise JsonParsingError. This closes the stream s after it's done. If rawIntegers is true, integer literals will not be converted to a JInt field but kept as raw numbers via JString. If rawFloats is true, floating point literals will not be converted to a JFloat field but kept as raw numbers via JString. Source Edit
proc pretty(node: JsonNode; indent = 2): string {....raises: [], tags: [].}
-
Returns a JSON Representation of node, with indentation and on multiple lines.
Similar to prettyprint in Python.
Example:
let j = %* {"name": "Isaac", "books": ["Robot Dreams"], "details": {"age": 35, "pi": 3.1415}} doAssert pretty(j) == """ { "name": "Isaac", "books": [ "Robot Dreams" ], "details": { "age": 35, "pi": 3.1415 } }"""
Source Edit proc to[T](node: JsonNode; t: typedesc[T]): T
-
Unmarshals the specified node into the object type specified.
Known limitations:
- Heterogeneous arrays are not supported.
- Sets in object variants are not supported.
- Not nil annotations are not supported.
Example:
let jsonNode = parseJson(""" { "person": { "name": "Nimmer", "age": 21 }, "list": [1, 2, 3, 4] } """) type Person = object name: string age: int Data = object person: Person list: seq[int] var data = to(jsonNode, Data) doAssert data.person.name == "Nimmer" doAssert data.person.age == 21 doAssert data.list == @[1, 2, 3, 4]
Source Edit proc toUgly(result: var string; node: JsonNode) {....raises: [], tags: [].}
-
Converts node to its JSON Representation, without regard for human readability. Meant to improve $ string conversion performance.
JSON representation is stored in the passed result
This provides higher efficiency than the pretty procedure as it does not attempt to format the resulting JSON to make it human readable.
Source Edit
Iterators
iterator items(node: JsonNode): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [].}
- Iterator for the items of node. node has to be a JArray. Source Edit
iterator keys(node: JsonNode): string {....raises: [], tags: [].}
- Iterator for the keys in node. node has to be a JObject. Source Edit
iterator mitems(node: var JsonNode): var JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [].}
- Iterator for the items of node. node has to be a JArray. Items can be modified. Source Edit
iterator mpairs(node: var JsonNode): tuple[key: string, val: var JsonNode] {. ...raises: [], tags: [].}
- Iterator for the child elements of node. node has to be a JObject. Values can be modified Source Edit
iterator pairs(node: JsonNode): tuple[key: string, val: JsonNode] {....raises: [], tags: [].}
- Iterator for the child elements of node. node has to be a JObject. Source Edit
iterator parseJsonFragments(s: Stream; filename: string = ""; rawIntegers = false; rawFloats = false): JsonNode {....raises: [ IOError, OSError, IOError, OSError, JsonParsingError, ValueError, Exception], tags: [ReadIOEffect, WriteIOEffect].}
- Parses from a stream s into JsonNodes. filename is only needed for nice error messages. The JSON fragments are separated by whitespace. This can be substantially faster than the comparable loop for x in splitWhitespace(s): yield parseJson(x). This closes the stream s after it's done. If rawIntegers is true, integer literals will not be converted to a JInt field but kept as raw numbers via JString. If rawFloats is true, floating point literals will not be converted to a JFloat field but kept as raw numbers via JString. Source Edit
Exports
-
$, $, $, $, $, $, JsonEventKind, JsonError, JsonParser, JsonKindError, open, open, open, open, open, close, close, close, close, str, getInt, getFloat, kind, kind, getColumn, getLine, getFilename, errorMsg, errorMsgExpected, next, JsonParsingError, raiseParseErr, nimIdentNormalize